Resources — Data, explainers and reference material
The figures of public debate often circulate without their source or method. These resources take them back to the official series, recalculate them and say what they show and what they do not: on public debt, and the analytical framework that links the questions.
Pages marked in French have no English version yet.
Public debt
Why it rises, what it costs, who pays, how it compares elsewhere and under what conditions it can come down.
Official series (Eurostat) decomposed, and the author's calculations
Why does French public debt rise?
French public debt doubled in thirty years. Interest and growth almost cancelled out: the rise comes mostly from primary deficits. A Eurostat decomposition.
Official series (INSEE, Eurostat) and the author's calculations
What does French public debt actually cost?
What does French public debt cost? 66.6 billion euros of interest in 2025, 4.3% of public revenue: why the bill fell for 25 years, then rose.
Analysis based on public data
Who really pays for public debt?
Who pays for public debt? Holding it is not paying for it: taxes, spending and inflation do not spread the adjustment across the same groups. Official French data.
Official series compared (Eurostat, OECD, IMF, World Bank) and the author's calculations
Public debt: why 100% of GDP does not carry the same burden everywhere
Same debt, different burden: in the European Union, the average interest cost of public debt does not follow its level. Stock, rates and revenue compared across 27 countries and beyond Europe.
Official series (Eurostat) decomposed, and the author's calculations
Can public debt come down?
From 2016 to 2025, the weight of French debt in GDP rose by 18.6 points: primary deficits added 30.6, and the interest-growth effect, favourable mostly in 2021-2023, took off 15.1. Compared with six European countries that started from higher debt.
Concepts
Definitions of the anthropic framework, each tied to its sources.
Concept — definition, origins and sources
What is the anthropic loop?
The anthropic loop formalises the cycle of disorder displacement in five moments: displacement, accumulation, saturation, return, re-displacement. It extends K. William Kapp's cost-shifting and is distinct from Bernard Stiegler's neganthropy — and from the AI company Anthropic.
Concept — definition, origins and sources
What is social reversibility?
Social reversibility is the capacity, assessed before an attempt, to withstand its possible failure without a lasting closure of one's future. Neither a stock nor a flow: a third dimension of inequality — what one can afford to fail.
Corpus and documentation
The documentary apparatus behind the books, usable in its own right.
Documented corpus — annotated chronology
The Register of Offloaded Costs
The Register of Offloaded Costs is the documentary apparatus of the book ANTHROPY: a chronology of 168 milestones, from the first stone tools (≈ 3.3 million years ago) to contemporary algorithms, documenting for each innovation the order created and the debt displaced—elsewhere, later, or onto others. Browsable online in full, organized by the book’s seven ages.